The African migrants giving up on the Chinese dream
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Guangzhou, ChinaThe heart of Little Africa — or Chocolate City, as it has been dubbed by some — is not easy to locate without a tip-off.
A dollar drought in oil-dependent West African nations, coupled with China’s hostile immigration policies, widespread racism, and at-once slowing and maturing economy, means Guangzhou is losing its competitive edge.
A promised land?
Guangzhou sits 120 kilometers (75 miles) north-west of Hong Kong, often laboring under a haze of stifling gray smog.
Africans began pouring into this landscape of factories, producing everything from washing machines to fake Levi’s jeans, in the mid-1990s.
China’s economy had recently opened up and, in 2000, Beijing hosted the first Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, spearheading a campaign to court good relations with resource-rich African nations.
By 2014, trade flows between Africa and China had exceeded U.S. trade with the continent by more than $120 billion, and more than 1 million Chinese had uprooted to the African continent.
As Chinatowns emerged in Lagos and Conakry, more Africans started thinking about China.
The type of Africans who migrated to China, however, were different to those moving West, Roberto Castillo, a lecturer in African Studies at Hong Kong University, tells CNN.
“Those people [going to Europe] are usually disenfranchised, with no opportunities, looking to settle,” he says. “Africans in China are much more entrepreneurial. Many of them have the financial capability to move around and explore new places.”
Indeed, 40% of African migrants surveyed for “Africans in China” had received at least tertiary education. Some held a PhD.
As Somali trader Ali Mohamed Ali, a university graduate in insurance working in logistics in Guangzhou, says: “My five brothers and sisters all went to Europe: they ended up as cab drivers or security guards.”
Heading East, he says, there was opportunity for something greater.
Madina Diallo says that in 2002 he would export 250 containers a year, containing everything from mattresses to pop corn machines. By selling these goods in his native, Guinea, he could make up to $1,500 on each container, or $375,000 a year — a genuine fortune in a nation where the gross national income per capita is $470.
Other entrepreneurial Africans set up cargo shipping firms operating out of the the Port of Guangzhou.
Fake goods were also a cash cow.
Moustapha Dieng, a former airplane engineer in the Senegalese air force, says that in the early 2000s, Africans were “still importing original Nike and Adidas from the United States”.
Guangzhou became a promised land, and more Africans arrived.
The Little Diplomats
Felly Mwamba is one of Guangzhou’s “little diplomats”.
Each African country has an “ambassador” in the Chinese city — voted for by expatriates from that nation — who liaises with the Chinese police, arbitrates internal disputes, and organizes community events.
Felly Mwamba, head of the Congolese community in Guangzhou
Felly Mwamba, head of the Congolese community in Guangzhou
The ambassador also keeps track of the population of his community; migrants usually informally register with their community leader upon arrival in Guangzhou, for support.
Mwamba says that in 2006 there were 1,200 Congolese in Little Africa. Today he believes that figure has plummeted to 500.
“Ambassadors” for Guinea and Senegal report similar drops.
Emmanuel Ojukwu, the self-proclaimed Head of Africans in China, and the ambassador of the Nigerian community — one of the largest African groups in Guangzhou — is despondently spread out on a sofa inside a clothing warehouse, where the halls are eerily devoid of customers.
“So many people went home at Christmas and did not return,” he says.
Emmanuel Ojukwu, head of Africans in China
Emmanuel Ojukwu, head of Africans in China
The true scale of the African population in Guangzhou is hard to ascertain due to the itinerant nature of many traders — some enter and exit the city multiple times per year — and the thousands who overstay their visas.
Castillo believes the Chinese government itself has no accurate idea of the African population’s size, although at the height of the Ebola crisis in late 2014, it said just 16,000 Africans called the city home.
The streets of Little Africa certainly seem quieter than when I first visited 2 years ago.
“There is, indeed, an apparent lessening number of Africans in the city,” says Gordon Matthews, a professor of anthropology at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, who has studied globalization in Guangzhou.
China losing competitive edge
One reason the Chinese dream is today failing Africans is the maturing Chinese economy.
Firstly, as China’s profile rose globally, African consumers realized they were buying bootleg not bona fide goods, and naturally wanted to pay less, says Dieng.
Street markets selling low-end goods were commonplace.
Photos: Little Africa before “beautification” in 2014
Little Africa before beautification – Street markets selling low-end goods were commonplace.
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A couple from Xinjiang in north-west China sell fresh fruit in Little Africa. The Denfeng urban village was home to migrants from across China, as well as Africa.
Photos: Little Africa before “beautification” in 2014
Little Africa before beautification – A couple from Xinjiang in north-west China sell fresh fruit in Little Africa. The Denfeng urban village was home to migrants from across China, as well as Africa.
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The Yingfu Trade Plaza is home to scores of garment Chinese-run shops, servicing African demand for wholesale goods.
Photos: Little Africa before “beautification” in 2014
Little Africa before beautification – The Yingfu Trade Plaza is home to scores of garment Chinese-run shops, servicing African demand for wholesale goods.
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Women in the Guanyuan Xi Lu area of Little Africa. This area is the Nigerian annex.
Photos: Little Africa before “beautification” in 2014
Little Africa before beautification – Women in the Guanyuan Xi Lu area of Little Africa. This area is the Nigerian annex.
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This Turkish restaurant serves halal food catering to African Muslim merchants, as well as Uygurs from China's north-west frontier provinces.
Photos: Little Africa before “beautification” in 2014
Little Africa before beautification – This Turkish restaurant serves halal food catering to African Muslim merchants, as well as Uygurs from China’s north-west frontier provinces.
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The police in Denfeng perhaps weren't so attentive in 2014.
Photos: Little Africa before “beautification” in 2014
Little Africa before beautification – The police in Denfeng perhaps weren’t so attentive in 2014.
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The entrance to Denfeng, in Little Africa, in 2014.
Photos: Little Africa before “beautification” in 2014
Little Africa before beautification – The entrance to Denfeng, in Little Africa, in 2014.
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The Overseas Trading Mall sign dominated the skyline of Denfeng village, in 2014.
Photos: Little Africa before “beautification” in 2014
Little Africa before beautification – The Overseas Trading Mall sign dominated the skyline of Denfeng village, in 2014.
